Edward I and the French Deception
One of the few setbacks in Edward I’s rule over Aquitaine occurred due to a clever piece of bad faith by Philip IV, which...
Rebellion in Gascony and Intervention by Castile
Even after Simon de Montfort was removed from his government in Gascony, unrest continued. The local barons, dissatisfied with English rule, rebelled once again....
Poitou and the Limits of French Expansion
Even after the death of Arthur of Brittany and the forfeiture of John’s claims, Aquitaine remained under English control. The neighboring county of Poitou,...
The Towers of Constantinople’s Inner Wall
The 96 towers that once guarded the Inner Wall of Constantinople are now mostly in ruins. Time, war, earthquakes, and weather have all damaged...
Doubts About Identifying Cyrus as Constantine
The idea that Cyrus and Constantine were the same person has serious problems. First, the name Cyrus is not linked with the land walls...
Cyrus’s Fall from Grace
Despite his success, Cyrus remained humble and cautious. He often said, “I do not like Fortune when she smiles too much.” However, his good...
